Pafupifupi theka la mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi zimadyedwa ndi ma motors, kotero kuti kuyendetsa bwino kwa injini kumatchedwa njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera mavuto a mphamvu padziko lapansi.
Nthawi zambiri, zimatanthawuza kusinthika kwa mphamvu yopangidwa ndi mphamvu yomwe ikuyenda mu mphamvu ya maginito kuti ikhale yozungulira, ndipo m'lingaliro lalikulu, imaphatikizapo kuchitapo kanthu.Kutengera mtundu wamagetsi oyendetsedwa ndi mota, imatha kugawidwa kukhala mota ya DC ndi AC mota.Malinga ndi mfundo ya kasinthasintha wagalimoto, imatha kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa.(kupatula ma motors apadera)
AC AC motor Brushed motor: Makina opukutidwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri amatchedwa DC motor.Elekitirodi yotchedwa "burashi" (mbali ya stator) ndi "commutator" (mbali ya armature) imalumikizidwa motsatizana kuti asinthe magetsi, potero amachita mozungulira.Brushless DC motor: Sichifuna maburashi ndi ma commutators, koma imagwiritsa ntchito ma switching monga ma transistors kuti asinthe zamakono ndikuzungulira.Stepper motor: Motor iyi imagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi mphamvu yakugunda, motero imatchedwanso pulse motor.Makhalidwe ake ndikuti amatha kuzindikira magwiridwe antchito olondola.Asynchronous motor: Kusinthasintha kwapano kumapangitsa kuti stator ipange maginito ozungulira, omwe amapangitsa kuti rotor ipange mphamvu yapano ndikuzungulira polumikizana.AC (alternating current) motor Synchronous motor: kusinthasintha kwapano kumapanga mphamvu ya maginito yozungulira, ndipo rotor yokhala ndi mitengo ya maginito imazungulira chifukwa chokopa.Mlingo wozungulira umalumikizidwa ndi ma frequency amphamvu.
Pakali pano, mphamvu ya maginito ndi mphamvu Choyamba, kuti tithandizire kufotokozera motere kwa mfundo zamagalimoto, tiyeni tiwonenso malamulo / malamulo oyambira pakali pano, maginito ndi mphamvu.Ngakhale pali kumverera kwachikhumbo, nkosavuta kuiwala chidziwitso ichi ngati simugwiritsa ntchito maginito pafupipafupi.
Kodi injini imazungulira bwanji?1) injini imazungulira mothandizidwa ndi maginito ndi mphamvu ya maginito.Kuzungulira maginito okhazikika okhala ndi tsinde lozungulira, ① kuzungulira maginito (kupanga maginito ozungulira), ② molingana ndi mfundo yakuti mitengo yosiyana ya N pole ndi S pole imakopa ndikuthamangitsa mulingo womwewo, ③ maginito okhala ndi tsinde lozungulira lidzazungulira.
Zomwe zikuyenda mu waya zimapanga mphamvu ya maginito yozungulira (magnetic force) mozungulira, kotero kuti maginito azungulira, zomwe ziridi zofanana ndi izi.
Kuonjezera apo, pamene waya amawombera mu koyilo, mphamvu ya maginito imapangidwira, imapanga maginito aakulu a magnetic field flux (magnetic flux), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti N-pole ndi S-pole.Kuonjezera apo, poika chitsulo pakati pa kondakitala wooneka ngati koyilo, mizere ya maginito imakhala yosavuta kudutsa ndipo imatha kupanga mphamvu yamphamvu ya maginito.2) Makina ozungulira enieni Apa, monga njira yogwiritsira ntchito makina amagetsi, njira yopangira maginito ozungulira pogwiritsa ntchito magawo atatu a AC ndi koyilo imayambitsidwa.(Magawo atatu a AC ndi chizindikiro cha AC chokhala ndi nthawi ya 120.) Mapiritsi ozungulira pakatikati pachitsulo amagawidwa m'magawo atatu, ndipo ma coils a U-phase, V-phase coils ndi W-phase coils amakonzedwa pakapita nthawi. 120. Ma koyilo okhala ndi voteji yayikulu amapanga mizati ya N, ndipo ma coils okhala ndi voteji otsika amapanga mizati ya S.Gawo lirilonse limasintha molingana ndi mafunde a sine, kotero kuti polarity (N pole, S pole) yopangidwa ndi koyilo iliyonse ndi maginito ake (maginito mphamvu) idzasintha.Panthawiyi, ingoyang'anani ma koyilo omwe amapanga mizati ya N, ndikusintha motsatira U-phase koyilo → V-gawo koyilo →W-gawo koyilo →U-phase koyilo, motero imazungulira.Kapangidwe ka mota yaying'ono Chithunzi chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa kapangidwe kake ndikufanizira ma motor motor, brushed DC motor ndi brushless DC mota.Zigawo zoyamba za ma mota awa makamaka ma koyilo, maginito ndi ma rotor.Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana, amagawidwa kukhala mtundu wokhazikika wa koyilo ndi mtundu wokhazikika wa maginito.
Apa, maginito a brush DC motor imakhazikika kunja, ndipo koyilo imazungulira mkati.Burashi ndi commutator ali ndi udindo wopereka mphamvu ku koyilo ndikusintha komwe akupita.Apa, koyilo ya motor brushless imakhazikika panja ndipo maginito amazungulira mkati.Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma motors, mapangidwe awo ndi osiyana ngakhale zigawo zikuluzikulu zili zofanana.Idzafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu gawo lirilonse.Mawonekedwe a mota ya brushed ya brashi ndi mawonekedwe a motor brushed DC yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunduwu, ndi chithunzi chophulika chamoto wamba wapawiri (maginito awiri) atatu slot (makoyilo atatu).Mwina anthu ambiri ali ndi chidziwitso chochotsa injini ndikutulutsa maginito.Zitha kuwoneka kuti maginito okhazikika a burashi ya DC motor yakhazikika, ndipo koyilo yamoto ya DC imatha kuzungulira pakati.Mbali yokhazikika imatchedwa "stator" ndipo mbali yozungulira imatchedwa "rotor".
Mfundo yozungulira ya mota ya burashi ① Tembenukira molunjika kuchokera pomwe Coil A ili pamwamba, kulumikiza magetsi ku burashi, ndikusiya mbali yakumanzere kukhala (+) ndi kumanja kukhala (-).Mphamvu yayikulu imayenda kuchokera ku burashi yakumanzere kupita ku koyilo A kudzera pa commutator.Ichi ndi kamangidwe komwe kumtunda (kunja) kwa koyilo A kumakhala S pole.Popeza 1/2 ya koyilo A yomwe ilipo tsopano imayenda kuchokera ku burashi yakumanzere kupita ku koyilo B ndi koyilo C mbali ina kupita ku koyilo A, mbali zakunja za koyilo B ndi koyilo C zimakhala zofooka N mitengo ya N (zowonetsedwa ndi zilembo zing'onozing'ono mu chithunzi).Mphamvu ya maginito yomwe imapangidwa m'makoyilowa komanso kukanidwa ndi kukopa kwa maginito kumapangitsa kuti ma koyilowo azizungulira molunjika.② kusinthasintha kopitilira muyeso.Kenako, zimaganiziridwa kuti burashi yoyenera ikukhudzana ndi oyendetsa awiri m'boma kuti koyilo A imazungulira mozungulira ndi madigiri 30.Mphamvu ya koyilo A imayenda mosalekeza kuchokera ku burashi yakumanzere kupita ku burashi yakumanja, ndipo mbali yakunja ya koyiloyo imasunga S pole.Pakali pano ngati koyilo A imadutsa mu koyilo B, ndipo kunja kwa koyilo B kumakhala kolimba N-pole.Popeza malekezero onse a koyilo C amafupikitsidwa ndi maburashi, palibe kuyenda kwapano komanso mphamvu yamaginito yomwe imapangidwa.Ngakhale pamenepa, idzakhala pansi pa mphamvu yozungulira mozungulira.Kuchokera ku ③ mpaka ④, koyilo yakumtunda imalandira mosalekeza mphamvu yosunthira kumanzere, ndipo koyilo yapansi imalandira mosalekeza mphamvu yosunthira kumanja, ndikumazungulira mozungulira.Pamene koyiloyo imazungulira ③ ndi ④ madigiri 30 aliwonse, pamene koyiloyo ili pamwamba pa olamulira apakati opingasa, mbali yakunja ya koyiloyo imakhala S pole;Pamene koyiloyo ili pansipa, imakhala N pole, ndipo kuyenda uku kumabwerezedwa.Mwanjira ina, koyilo yakumtunda imayendetsedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi mphamvu yosunthira kumanzere, ndipo koyilo yapansi imayendetsedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi mphamvu yosunthira kumanja (zonse zotsutsana ndi koloko).Izi zimapangitsa kuti rotor ikhale yozungulira nthawi zonse.Ngati magetsi alumikizidwa ndi burashi yakumanzere yakumanzere (-) ndi burashi yakumanja (+), mphamvu ya maginito yomwe ili ndi mbali zing'onozing'ono imapangidwa mu koyiloyo, ndiye kuti mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa koyiloyo imakhalanso yotsutsana, kutembenukira mozungulira. .Kuonjezera apo, pamene magetsi atsekedwa, rotor ya motor brush imasiya kuzungulira chifukwa palibe mphamvu ya maginito kuti ikhale yozungulira.Mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a mota yamagawo atatu yodzaza ndi mafunde opanda brushless motor
Chithunzi chamkati chamkati ndi gawo lofananira la kulumikizidwa kwa koyilo kwa magawo atatu amtundu wodzaza-wave brushless mota Kenako ndi chithunzi chojambula chamkati ndi chithunzi chofananira cha kulumikizana kwa koyilo.Chithunzi chojambula chamkati ndi chitsanzo chosavuta cha 2-pole (2 maginito) 3-slot (3 coils) motor.Ndizofanana ndi kapangidwe ka motor brush yokhala ndi mitengo yofanana ndi mipata, koma mbali ya koyilo imakhazikika ndipo maginito amatha kuzungulira.Inde, palibe burashi.Pankhaniyi, koyiloyo imatenga njira yolumikizirana ndi Y, ndipo gawo la semiconductor limagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka zomwe zikuchitika ku koyilo, ndipo kulowa ndi kutuluka kwapano kumayendetsedwa molingana ndi malo a maginito ozungulira.Mu chitsanzo ichi, chinthu cha Hall chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira malo a maginito.Chigawo cha Hall chimakonzedwa pakati pa ma coil, ndikuzindikira voteji yopangidwa molingana ndi mphamvu ya maginito ndikuigwiritsa ntchito ngati chidziwitso cha malo.M'chifanizo cha FDD spindle motor yomwe idaperekedwa kale, zitha kuwonekanso kuti pali chinthu cha Hall (pamwamba pa koyilo) pakati pa koyilo ndi koyilo kuti muwone komwe kuli.Hall element ndi sensor yodziwika bwino ya maginito.Kukula kwa maginito kumatha kusinthidwa kukhala kukula kwa voteji, ndipo mayendedwe a maginito amatha kuyimiridwa ndi zabwino ndi zoyipa.
Mfundo yozungulira ya magawo atatu odzaza mafunde a brushless motor Kenako, mfundo yozungulira ya mota yopanda brush ifotokozedwa molingana ndi masitepe ① ~ ⑥.Kuti mumvetsetse mosavuta, maginito okhazikika amasinthidwa kuchoka ku zozungulira kupita kumakona anayi apa.① Mugawo la magawo atatu, koyilo 1 ikhazikike munjira ya 12 koloko ya koloko, koyilo 2 ikhazikike munjira ya 4 koloko ya koloko, ndipo koyilo 3 ikhazikike mu 8. koloko kolowera koloko.Lolani N pole ya 2-pole maginito okhazikika ikhale kumanzere ndipo mtengo wa S ukhale kumanja, ndipo ukhoza kuzungulira.Io yamakono imayenda mu coil 1 kuti ipange mphamvu ya maginito ya S-pole kunja kwa koyilo.Io/2 yapano imayenda kuchokera ku koyilo 2 ndi koyilo 3 kuti ipange mphamvu ya maginito ya N-pole kunja kwa koyiloyo.Maginito a maginito a koyilo 2 ndi koyilo 3 akapangidwa ndi vekitala, mphamvu ya maginito ya N-pole imapangidwira pansi, yomwe imakhala nthawi 0.5 kukula kwa maginito omwe amapangidwa pamene Io yamakono imadutsa pa koyilo imodzi, ndipo ikawonjezeredwa ku maginito. munda wa koyilo 1, imakhala nthawi 1.5.Izi zidzatulutsa maginito ophatikizika okhala ndi ngodya ya 90 wachibale ndi maginito okhazikika, kotero kuti torque yayikulu imatha kupangidwa ndipo maginito okhazikika amazungulira mozungulira.Pamene mphamvu ya coil 2 ikucheperachepera ndipo mphamvu ya coil 3 ikuwonjezeka molingana ndi malo ozungulira, mphamvu ya maginito imayendanso mozungulira, ndipo maginito okhazikika akupitirizabe kuzungulira.② Ikazunguliridwa ndi madigiri a 30, Io yamakono imalowa mu coil 1, kotero kuti panopa mu coil 2 ndi zero, ndipo Io yamakono imatuluka mu koyilo 3. Mbali yakunja ya koyilo 1 imakhala S pole, ndipo mbali yakunja ya koyilo 3 imakhala mtengo wa N.Ma vector akaphatikizidwa, mphamvu ya maginito yomwe imapangidwa ndi √3 (≈1.72) nthawi zomwe zimapangidwa pamene Io yamakono imadutsa pa koyilo.Izi zidzatulutsanso mphamvu ya maginito pa ngodya ya 90 pokhudzana ndi mphamvu ya maginito ya maginito okhazikika, ndikuzungulira mozungulira.Pamene kulowetsedwa kwa Io kwa koyilo 1 kumachepetsedwa molingana ndi malo ozungulira, kulowetsedwa kwa koyilo 2 kumachulukitsidwa kuchokera ku zero, ndipo kutuluka kwaposachedwa kwa koyilo 3 kumachulukitsidwa kukhala Io, mphamvu ya maginito imayendanso mozungulira, ndipo maginito okhazikika amapitilirabe kuzungulira.Kungoganiza kuti gawo lililonse lapano ndi sinusoidal, mtengo wapano ndi io × tchimo (π 3) = io× √ 32. Kupyolera mu kaphatikizidwe ka vekitala ya maginito, mphamvu yonse ya maginito ndi (√ 32) 2 × 2 = 1.5 nthawi za maginito opangidwa ndi koyilo.※.Pamene gawo lirilonse liri ndi maginito a sine, ziribe kanthu komwe kuli maginito okhazikika, kukula kwa vekitala yophatikiza maginito ndi nthawi 1.5 ya mphamvu ya maginito yopangidwa ndi koyilo, ndipo mphamvu ya maginito imapanga ngodya ya 90-degree mphamvu ya maginito ya maginito okhazikika.③ M'malo opitilira kuzungulira ndi madigiri a 30, Io / 2 yamakono imayenda mu coil 1, Io / 2 yamakono imayenda mu coil 2, ndipo Io yamakono imachokera ku koyilo 3. Mbali yakunja ya koyilo 1 imakhala S pole. , mbali yakunja ya koyilo 2 imakhala S pole, ndipo mbali yakunja ya koyilo 3 imakhala N pole.Ma vector akaphatikizidwa, mphamvu ya maginito yopangidwa ndi nthawi 1.5 yomwe imapangidwa pamene Io yamakono ikuyenda pa koyilo (yofanana ndi ①).Apa, maginito opangira maginito okhala ndi ngodya ya madigiri 90 okhudzana ndi maginito a maginito okhazikika adzapangidwanso ndikuzunguliridwa mozungulira.④～⑥ Sinthani mofanana ndi ① ~ ③.Mwanjira iyi, ngati maginito omwe akuyenda mu coil amasinthidwa mosalekeza malinga ndi malo a maginito okhazikika, maginito okhazikika amazungulira molunjika.Momwemonso, ngati magetsi akuyenda molowera kwina ndipo mphamvu ya maginito yopangidwa ikasinthidwa, imazungulira mozungulira.Chithunzi chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa koyilo iliyonse mu sitepe iliyonse kuyambira ① mpaka ⑥.Kupyolera mu mawu oyamba pamwambapa, tiyenera kumvetsetsa mgwirizano pakati pa kusintha kwamakono ndi kasinthasintha.stepmotor Stepping motor ndi mtundu wa mota yomwe imatha kuwongolera ngodya yozungulira komanso kuthamanga mwachangu komanso molondola ndi chizindikiro cha pulse.Stepping motor imatchedwanso "pulse motor".Stepping motor imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zomwe zimafunikira kuyimitsidwa chifukwa imatha kuzindikira malo olondola pokhapokha pakuwongolera kotsegula popanda kugwiritsa ntchito sensor yamalo.Mapangidwe a ma motor motor (awiri-phase bipolar) M'zitsanzo zowonekera, mawonekedwe a HB (wosakanizidwa) ndi PM (maginito osatha) amaperekedwa.Chithunzi chojambula chapakati chikuwonetsanso mawonekedwe a HB ndi PM.Stepper motor ndi mawonekedwe okhala ndi koyilo yokhazikika komanso maginito ozungulira okhazikika.Chithunzi chamkati chamkati chamotor kumanja ndi chitsanzo cha mota ya PM yogwiritsa ntchito magawo awiri (magulu awiri).Muchitsanzo choyambirira cha injini yolowera, koyiloyo imakonzedwa kunja ndipo maginito okhazikika amapangidwa mkati.Kuphatikiza pa magawo awiri, pali mitundu yambiri ya makola okhala ndi magawo atatu ndi magawo asanu ofanana.Ma motors ena opondapo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ena osiyanasiyana, koma kuti afotokoze mfundo zawo zogwirira ntchito, pepalali limapereka kapangidwe kake ka masitepe.Kudzera m'nkhaniyi, ndikuyembekeza kumvetsetsa kuti chopondapo chimatengera momwe ma koyilo amapangidwira komanso kuzungulira kwa maginito kosatha.Mfundo yoyambira yoyendetsera galimoto (chisangalalo cha gawo limodzi) Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito kufotokozera mfundo zoyambira zamagalimoto.① Panopa imayenda kuchokera kumanzere kwa koyilo 1 ndikutuluka kuchokera kumanja kwa koyilo 1. Musalole kuti koyiloyo iziyenda bwino 2. Panthawiyi, mkati mwa koyilo 1 imakhala N, mkati mwa koyiloyo. coil yoyenera 1 imakhala S. kotero kuti panopa ikuyenda kuchokera kumtunda wa koyilo 2 ndi kutuluka kuchokera kumunsi mbali ya koyilo 2. Mbali yamkati ya koyilo chapamwamba 2 imakhala N ndi mbali yamkati ya koyilo yapansi 2 imakhala S.. Maginito okhazikika imakopeka ndi mphamvu ya maginito ndipo imasiya kuzungulira 90 molunjika.③ Imitsani mphamvu yapano mu koyilo 2, kotero kuti pompopompo ikuyenda kuchokera kumanja kwa koyilo 1 ndikutuluka kuchokera kumanzere kwa koyilo 1. Mkati mwa koyilo yakumanzere 1 imakhala S, ndipo mkati mwa koyilo yakumanja 1. amakhala N.. Maginito okhazikika amakopeka ndi mphamvu yake ya maginito, ndipo imazungulira molunjika kuti madigiri ena 90 ayime.④ Imitsani mphamvu yapano mu koyilo 1, kotero kuti yapano ikuyenda kuchokera kumunsi kwa koyilo 2 ndikutuluka kuchokera kumtunda kwa koyilo 2. Mkati mwa koyilo yakumtunda 2 imakhala S, ndipo mkati mwa koyiloyo. kutsika koyilo 2 kumakhala N.Galimoto yodutsa imatha kuzunguliridwa ndikusintha komwe kukuyenda kudzera pa koyilo motere kuchokera pa ① kupita ku ④ kudzera pamagetsi.Muchitsanzo ichi, kusintha kulikonse kumatembenuza injini yodutsa ndi 90. Kuonjezera apo, pamene magetsi akuyenda mosalekeza kupyolera mu koyilo inayake, amatha kusunga malo oima ndikupangitsa kuti galimotoyo ikhale ndi torque.Mwa njira, ngati mphamvu yomwe ikuyenda kudzera pa koyiloyo ikasinthidwa, motor stepper imatha kuzunguliridwa mbali ina.
